messi Archives - Istituto Medicina Biologica

L’8-9 maggio si è tenuto a Torino il congresso “Nutrisport” brillantemente organizzato dalla Dott.ssa Maria Teresa Caselli e dal Dott. Valter Canavero.
Ho partecipato in qualità di relatore con il gruppo IMBIO-IMGEP di Milano diretto dal Prof. Giuseppe di Fede, maestro e amico, e animato dall’instancabile lavoro della Dott.ssa Paola Carassai.
Il titolo della mia relazione è stato: “Infiammazione intestinale e Performance sportiva”, un legame regolarmente trascurato, così com’è normalmente non investigata la disbiosi intestinale di cui è figlia.
Il concetto stesso di disbiosi è legato al Microbiota intestinale, cioè la popolazione batterica che colonizza il nostro intestino per tutta la durata della nostra vita e che, come evidenziano gli studi più recenti in modo inequivocabile, risulta essere determinante nello spostare il rapporto tra salute e malattia a favore di uno o l’altro dei fattori.
Alterare, infatti, la su composizione, mi riferisco ai rapporti presenti tra le 400 specie che affollano il nostro intestino, può causare disturbi che la medicina non classifica come patologie, così come sottolinea il padre della neurogastroenterologia Michael D.Gershon (“Il secondo cervello”, ed. UTET, 2006):

“Gli studi hanno mostrato che oltre il 40% dei pazienti che ricorrono alle cure di un internista lo fanno a causa di problemi gastrointestinali. Metà di questi presenta disturbi FUNZIONALI. Il loro intestino funziona male, ma nessuno sa il perché. Non vi è alcun difetto anatomico o chimico evidente. I medici si irritano. I pazienti che si presentano ai medici con problemi senza soluzione sono percepiti come una minaccia e spesso sono dimessi come affetti da squilibrio mentale, con l’epiteto di rottami bisbigliato alle loro spalle. Sono considerati esempi di protoplasma scadente i cui processi di pensiero nevrotico si riflettono sul loro intestino.
Così il loro intestino si mette a fare i capricci in modo tale da sfidare il meglio che la medicina moderna ha da offrire, che in questo caso è l’ignoranza combinata alla mancanza di compassione”.

Inoltre:

“Oggi, l’alterazione funzionale dell’intestino è un complesso di sintomi che non ha un collegamento con la patologia”.

Il primo ad interessarsi della disbiosi intestinale è stato lo scienziato russo Elie Metchinkoff il quale spese tutta la sua vita nel proposito di assicurare una maggiore longevità al genere umano e, grazie ai suoi studi compiuti presso l’Istituto Pateur, di liberarlo dalle malattie. Il culmine della sua carriera, così totalmente dedicata alla ricerca, venne raggiunto nel 1908 quando fu insignito del premio Nobel per la medicina.
Nel suo testo più conosciuto (“The prolongation of life;optimistic studies”) Metchnikoff ricorda come la cura degli anziani, ancora di più il lavoro preventivo su di essi, rappresenti una conquista dal momento che alla sua epoca si trattava di una visione totalmente nuova.
Lo studio del microbiota e la valutazione della disbiosi intestinale si muovono nel solco tracciato da questo grande scienziato, in cui la medicina non si limita ad attendere supinamente lo svilupparsi della patologia, piuttosto si muove in anticipo captando i segnali di alterazione funzionale del sistema biologico per porre rimedio prima che essi si trasformino in malattia.

Dopo la prima uscita dedicata al Nichel, impariamo a conoscere e combattere a suon di ricette l’intolleranza al lattosio con l’aiuto del Prof. Di Fede, della drssa Jessica Barbieri e da me.

Un aiuto concreto per chi sta vivendo un problema troppo spesso sottovalutato: perché le difficoltà non finiscono al momento della diagnosi. Lo so bene io che ho trasformato un limite in una possibilità, raccogliendo in questo volume tutte le risorse utili a tavola per chi come me soffre della carenza dell’enzima necessario a digerire gli zuccheri presenti nel latte e nei suoi derivati: informazioni, consigli, esperienze e soprattutto… ricette!

Sfogliate e gustate i 99 piatti creati da me, da foodlovers e da tanti amici Chef di fama internazionale coinvolti in un progetto unico: vivere l’intolleranza al lattosio non più come limite, ma come possibilità di sperimentare nuovi sapori.

Non resta che partire insieme in un viaggio nel Mondo delle Intolleranze, con un volume che racchiude in sé il problema e la sua soluzione: nella cucina come nella vita, quando la ami non c’è niente e nessuno che possa indurti a rinunciarvi!

Oltre alle ricette di Tiziana troverete ricette di:

Luca Mauri, Alessandra Barbone, Antonella Rossi, Enrico Bartolini, Andrea Bevilacqua, Claudia Livia Biondini, Massimo Cairati, Antonino Cannavacciuolo, Michele Cannistrano, Giuseppe Capano, Fabio Silva, Isa Mazzocchi, Laura Ghezzi, Massimo Livan, Federico Mattavelli, Matteo Scibilia, Aurora Mazzucchelli, Antonino Messina, Micol Pisa, Milly Callegari, Carlo e Loris Molon, Giancarlo Morelli, Luca Mozzanica, Nunzia Bellomo, Davide Oldani, Armando Palmieri, Roberto Maurizio, Sandro Romano, Almerindo Santucci, Sara Preceruti, Marco Scaglione, Gaetano Simonato,Daniele Zennaro, Robbie Pezzuol

Sono da da sempre convinta che la cucina sia veicolo di passione e umanità, e non mi sono arresa dopo la diagnosi di intolleranza al nichel e al lattosio. Oggi www.nonnapaperina.it è un blog di riferimento nel mondo delle intolleranze e la mia presenza è richiesta nelle più grandi manifestazioni enogastronomiche italiane. Si perpepisce che il problema delle intolleranze sta crescendo a vista d’occhio.

Il volume dedicato all’intolleranza al lattosio segue il grande successo della sua prima pubblicazione Nichel. L’intolleranza? La cuciniamo!, edito nel 2013.

Siete tutti invitati alla presentazione che si terrà giovedi 13 novembre 2014 all’Hotel de la Ville di Monza alle ore 19.

In occasione del IXX Congresso Nazionale della FISMAD (Federazione Italiana Società Malattie Apparato Digerente) è stato presentato per la prima volta uno studio retrospettivo dal titolo “Non-Celiac Wheat Sensitivity Diagnosed by Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Challenge: exploring a New Clinical Entity”, pubblicato recentemente sul American Journal of Gastroenterology. Lo studio, realizzato su oltre 250 pazienti, aveva l’obiettivo di indagare la sensibilità al glutine non celiaca e ottenere le prime indicazioni sui marker diagnostici, sierologici ed istologici per questa patologia. Per questo sono state riviste retrospettivamente le cartelle di pazienti messi, in cieco, a dieta senza glutine e, in seguito, riesposti a questa molecola. I partecipanti non dovevano essere celiaci e dovevano avere disturbi ascritti alla sindrome del colon irritabile (IBS).

I risultati confermano l’esistenza della sensibilità al glutine non celiaca e la connotano come una condizione eterogenea: circa 1/3 dei pazienti con IBS sono risultati sensibili al glutine.

In realtà dato che il challenge in doppio cieco è stato eseguito con farina di frumento e non con glutine puro sarebbe meglio parlare di ipersensibilità al frumento. Dal punto di vista sierologico è stato confermato che gli anticorpi antigliadina IgG e IgA sono spesso elevati, cioè hanno una sensibilità intorno al 60%. Dal punto di vista istologico, lo studio evidenzia la presenza, nei soggetti con sospetto di sensibilità al glutine/frumento, di una maggiore quantità di granulociti eosinofili nel duodeno e nel colon.

Spiega il Prof. Carroccio, coordinatore dello studio: per quanto riguarda la sensibilità al glutine non celiaca, sebbene tuttora sia possibile fare una diagnosi soltanto sul piano clinico per esclusione, tutti questi elementi che stiamo aggiungendo rappresentano ulteriori passi avanti quali indicatori di sospetto che ci permetteranno di avere dei motivi sempre più solidi per approfondire l’anamnesi.

La possibilità di eseguire un test genetico salivare che riveli la predisposizione a sviluppare una sensibilità al glutine o una celiachia, permette di anticipare i disturbi correlati all’intolleranza e di prevenire patologie e condizioni cliniche legate a tale intolleranza.

Carroccio A, et al. Am J Gastroenterol 2012; 107(12):1898-906; doi: 10.1038/ajg.2012.236.

2006: Lissoni P; Fumagalli L; Brivio F; Rovelli F; Messina G; Di Fede G; Colciago M; Brera G
Division of Radiation Oncology, Milan, Italy

Cancer chemotherapy-induced lymphocytosis: a revolutionary discovery in the medical oncology

Journal of biological regulators and homeostatic agents 2006;20(1-2):29-35
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The recent advances in the investigation of tumor immunobiology have suggested that cancer chemotherapy, in addition to its well known cytotoxic activity, may play modulatory effects on the endogenous production of cytokines involved in the control of both tumor angiogenesis and antitumor immunity. Cancer chemotherapy constantly acts with inhibitory effects on anti-bacterial, anti-viral and anti- mycotic immune responses, whereas its action on anticancer immunity, which is mainly mediated by lymphocytes, has still to be better investigated and defined.

The present study was carried out to evaluate the influence of chemotherapy on lymphocyte count and its relation to the clinical response in cancer patients suffering from the most commonly frequent tumor histotypes, including lung, colorectal, breast and prostate carcinomas. The study included 144 consecutive metastatic solid tumor patients. Lung cancer patients were treated with cisplatin plus gemcitabine, colorectal cancer patients received oxaliplatin plus 5-fluorouracil, while those affected by breast cancer or prostate carcinoma were treated with taxotere alone.

An objective tumor regression was achieved in 66 out of 144 (46 percent) patients, whereas the remaining 78 patients had only a stable disease (SD)or a progressive disease. Independently of tumor histotype and chemotherapeutic regimen, a lymphocytosis occurred in patients who achieved an objective tumor regression in response to chemotherapy, and lymphocyte mean count observed at the end of the chemotherapeutic treatment was significantly higher with respect to the values seen before the onset of treatment.

On the contrary, lymphocyte mean number decreased on chemotherapy in patients with SD or PD, even though the decline was statistically significant with respect to the pretreatment values in the only patients who had a PD in response to chemotherapy.

This study would suggest that chemotherapy itself may paradoxically act, at least in part, as a cancer immunotherapy by inducing lymphocytosis, as well as previously demonstrated for the only immunotherapy with IL-2, probably by modulating the cytokine network and correcting the altered endogenous production of cytokines, responsible for cancer-related immunodeficiency.

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Modulation of the anticancer immunity by natural agents: inhibition of T regulatory lymphocyte generation by arabinoxylan in patients with locally limited or metastatic solid tumors

Research Article (download PDF version)

Paolo Lissoni1,*, Giusy Messina1, Fernando Brivio2, Luca Fumagalli2, Luigi Vigoré3, Franco Rovelli3, Luisa Maruelli4, Mauro Miceli4, Paolo Marchiori4, Giorgio Porro1, Michael Held5, Giuseppe di Fede6, Toshi Uchiyamada7

1 Division of Radiation Oncology, San Gerardo Hospital, Milan, Italy
2 Division of Surgery, San Gerardo Hospital, Milan, Italy
3 Laboratory of Immunomicrobiology, San Gerardo Hospital, Milan, Italy
4 Natur-Spiritual, Milan, Italy
5 Biological Medicine Center, Rome, Italy
6 Institute of Biological Medicine, Milan, Italy
7 Daiwa Pharmaceuticals, Tokyo, Japan

dr. Paolo Lissoni

*Correspondence: Dr. Paolo Lissoni, Divisione di Radioterapia Oncologica, Ospedale S.Gerardo, 20052 Monza, Milano, Italy; Fax: +390392332284, e-mail: p.lissoni@hsgerardo.org
Key words: Anticancer immunity, arabinoxylan, immunostimulation, T regulatory lymphocytes
Abbreviations: interleukin 10, (IL-10); interleukin 6, (IL-6); interleukin-2, (IL-2); interleukn 12, (IL-12); NK cells, (CD16+CD56+); T cytotoxic lymphocytes, (CD8+); T helper lymphocytes, (TH), (CD4+); T lymphocites, (CD3+); Transforming growth factor beta, (TGF-β) T-regulatory lymphocytes, (T-reg), (CD4+CD25+)

Received: 30 September 2008; Revised: 1 November 2008
Accepted: 17 November 2008; electronically published: December 2008

Summary

In the last years, several immunomodulating antitumor agents have demonstrated in the nature, particularly from Aloe plant and rice bran. However, the major problem concerning the natural antitumor agents is to define their immune mechanisms of action in relation to the more recent advances in tumor immunobiology. At present, the main cause responsible for the lack of an effective antitumor response in advanced cancer patients is belived to be represented by the generation of a subtype of T helper lymphocytes (CD4+) with suppressive activity on anticancer immunity, the so-called T regulatory lymphocytes (T reg), which may be clinically identified as CD4+CD25+ cells. On this basis, a study was planned to evaluate the effect of rice bran extract arabinoxylan on T reg cell count and percentage in solid tumor patients in relation to the various lymphocyte subpopulations. The study included 22 evaluable cancer patients, 16 of whom had an untreatable metastatic solid tumor. Arabinoxylan was given orally at a dose of 2000 mg/day for the first month, followed by a dose of 1000 mg/day for the next month. In each patient we evaluated by monoclonal antibodies the absolute number of lymphocytes, T lymphocytes (CD3+), T helper (TH) lymphocytes (CD4+), T cytotoxic lymphocytes (CD8+), NK cells (CD16+CD56+), T reg lymphocytes (CD4+CD25+) and TH/T reg ratio before and after 2 months of therapy. No substantial change occurred on therapy in the mean number of lymphocytes, CD3+, CD8+ and NK cells. On the other hand, the mean number of TH cells increased, whereas that of T reg cell decreased on treatment, even though none of these differences was statistically significant. On the contrary, TH/T reg mean ratio significantly enhanced after arabinoxylan therapy. In addition to its previously demonstrated stimulatory action on NK function, this study shows that arabinoxylan may inhibit the production of T reg cells, which are responsible for cancer-related immunosuppression, with a following improvement in the anticancer immunity. If further studies will confirm these results, arabinoxylan could be successfully associated with chemotherapy to induce not only a cytotoxic destruction of cancer cells, but also an improvement in the immune status.

I. Introduction
The recent advances in the definition of the mechanisms responsible for tumor progression have suggested the possibility to control cancer growth not only trough chemotherapy-induced cancer cell destruction, but also by stimulating the anticancer immunity. In addiction to the exisence of endogenous antitumor molecules, several agents capable of stimulating the anticancer immunity have alsso isolated from plants. However, the immunomodulatory effects of most natural immunomodulating agents need to be better investigated in an attempt to establish their mechanisms of action in relation to the most recent discoveries concerning the physiopathology of the anticancer immunity. At present, Aloe extracts (Lissoni et al, 1998) and arabinoxylan extract from rice bran (Ghoneum and Jewett, 2000) would represent some of the potential natural agents which could be utilized in the complementary therapy of human neoplasms. Today, it is known that the antitumor immune response is the end-result of several interactions involving cytokines and immune cells, provided by stimulatory or suppressive effects on the anticancer immunity (Atzpodien and Kirchner, 1990; Rosenberg, 1992). Therefore, the lack of an effective anticancer immune response in most cancer patients with advanced disease would simply depend on the prevalence of immunosuppressive mechansisms with respect to the immunostimulatory ones (Atzpodien and Kirchner, 1990). The anticancer immunity is mainly activated by T helper-type 1 lymphocytes by releasing IL-2 (Whittington and Faulds, 1993), and by dentritic cells, which act as antigen-presenting cells producing IL-12 (Banks et al, 1995), T cytotoxic lymphocytes and NK-LAK system, which are involved in the induction of the antigen-dependent and antigen-independent cytotoxicity, respectively (Atzpodien and Kirchner, 1990). Therefore, IL-2 and IL-12 would represent the main anticancer cytokines in humans. On the contrary, the suppression of the anticancer immune response is mediated by several cytokines, namely IL-10 (Moore et al, 1993), IL-6 (Matsuda and Hirano, 1990) and TGF-β (Shevach, 2002). Recently, however, it has been demonstrated that the various endogenous suppressive factors would exert their inhibitory immune effect through a common end-mechanism, consisting of the generation of a subtype of T helper lymphocytes (CD4+cells), provided by a fundamental suppressive activity on the anticancer immunity, the so-called T regulatory lymphocyte (T reg) (Dieckmann et al, 2001), which at present seems to constitute the main mechanism responsible for cancer-related immunosuppressive status. T reg cells may be identified by the simultaneous expression of the alpha-chain of IL-2 receptor (CD25) and CD4 antigen (Dieckmann et al, 2001). Then, T reg cells may be clinically recognized as CD4+CD25+ lymphocytes. Therefore, each eventual natural immunomodulating agent would have to be investigated in relation to its possible effect on T reg generation since, at least from a theoretical point of view, each natural agent capable of counteracting T reg activity could positively influence the prognosis of the neoplastic disease by improving the efficacy of the anticancer immune response. Moreover, our previous preliminary studies have suggested that the percentage of T reg cells with respect to the total number of T helper cells, as expressed as CD4/CD4CD25 ratio, may represent an optimal synthetic immune index to investigate the functional status of the anticancer immunity in the single cancer patient, by representing the synthesis of the actions of the great number of immunostimulating and immunosuppressive factors involved in the modulation of the anticancer immunity (Dieckmann et al, 2001). Within the great number of natural agents derived from plants and potentially usefull to be employed in the complementary therapy of cancer, arabinoxylan would seem to represent one of the potential natural agent, because of its efficacy in improving the clinical status of cancer patients (Ghoneum and Jewett, 2000; Ghoneum and Gollapudi, 2005; Markus et al, 2006; Ghoneum et al, 2007). The immunomodulating properties of this nautral substances extracted from plants have been confirmed by experimental studies, but unfortunately most experiments have been limited to the investigations of they effects on non-specific immune parameters for the anticancer immunity, such as NK cell cytotoxicity. In contrast, since reg cells play a fundamental role in suppressing the generation of the anticancer immunty, each potential antitumor immunomodulatory natural substances, would have to be investigated also in relation to their eventual influence on T reg cell system. On the basis of the recent discoveries in tumor immunobiology (Dieckmann et al, 2001; Shevach, 2002), a study was planned to investigate the possible influence of arabinoxylan on both absolute number of T reg cells and their ratio with respect to the total CD4+ T cells in a group of solid tumor patients, affected by locally limited or metastatic disease.

II. Materials and methods
The study included 24 consecutive patients, 18 of whom had a metastatic solid tumor, which did not respond to the conventional anticancer chemotherapies and for whom no other effective standard treatment was available, while the remaining 6 patients had been surgically treated for a locally limited neoplasm. Patients were followed at Biological Medical Institute of Milan and the protocol was approved by the Director of the Institute. Eligibility criteria were, as follows:histologically proven locally limited or metastatic solid tumor, no double tumor, no chronic therapy with corticosteroids because of their immunosuppressive effects and no concomitant treatment with other immunomodulating agents,such as interferons,interleukins and monoclonal antibodies. At the time of the start of arabinoxylan therapy, patients with untreatable metastatic cancer were under treatment with the only supportive care, consisting of anti-inflammatory agents for pain, anti-dopaminergic drugs for nausea and vomiting and with the pineal hormone melatonin for the therapy of the neoplastic cachexia (Banks et al, 1995). Patients were considered as fully evaluable when they had received arabinoxylan therapy for at least 2 consecutive months. Arabinoxylan was given orally at a dose of 1000 mg twice/day for the first month, followed by a dose of 1000 mg/day for the next month. Arabinoxylan was supplied by DAIWA Pharmaceutical (Tokyo, Japan). It was derived from rice bran treated enzymatically with an extract of the shiitake mushrooms. It is a polysaccharide containing β-1,4-xylopironase hemicellulose, commercially available and known as Biobran. For the immune investigation, venous blood samples were collected in the morning after an overnight fast before the onset of arabinoxylan therapy and after 2 consecutive months of treatment. In each blood sample, we evaluated the absolute number of total lymphocytes, T lymphocytes (CD3+), T helper (TH) lymphocytes (CD4+), T cytotoxic lymphocytes (CD8+), NK cells (CD16+ CD56+ and T regulatory (T reg) lymphocytes (CD4+ CD25+). The different lymphocyte subsets were measured with a flow cytometric assay by using specific monoclonal antibodies supplied by Becton-Dickinson (Milan, Italy). Moreover, because of the importance not only of their absolute number, but also of their percentage with respect to the other lymphocyte subsets, namely to that of CD4+ cells, CD4/CD4CD25 ratio, corresponding to TH/T reg ratio, was also determined before and after therapy. Normal values (95% confidence limits) of T reg number and TH/T reg ratio observed in our laboratory were below 240/mm3 and above 4.0, respectively. Data were reported as mean +/- SE and statistically analyzed by the Student’s t test, the analysis of variance and the chi-square test, as appropriate.

III. Results
Evaluable patients were 22/24, while the remaining 2 patients, both affected by untreatable disseminated liver metastases due to colorectal cancer, rapidly died for disease progression before concluding the two planned months of arabinoxylan therapy. The clinical characteristics of the evaluable patients are reported in Table 1. Figure 1 illustrates changes in the mean number of total lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, T cytotoxic lymphocytes and NK cells occurring after 2 months of arabinoxylan therapy. No substantial variation was found in the mean number of lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, T cytotoxic lymphocytes and NK cells under arabinoxylan treatment. In contrast, as illustrated in Figure 2, TH and T reg mean numbers increased and decreased, respectively, after arabinoxylan therapy, without, however statistically significant differences with respect to the values seen prior to therapy. On the contrary, a statistically significant increase in TH/T reg mean ratio was achieved after arabinoxylan therapy (p<0.025). The increase in TH/T reg ratio under arabinoxylan therapy was more pronounced in patients with an abnormally low ratio prior to therapy with respect to that occurring in those with normal pre-treatment ratio, however without statistically significant differences ( 2.3 +/- 0.4 vs 1.7 +/- 0.5). In more detail,

Figure 1. Changes in the number of lymphocytes, Tlymphocytes (CD3), T cytotoxic lymphocytes (CD8) and NK cells (CD16 CD56) after 2 months of arabinoxylan therapy.

Figure 2. Changes in the mean number of T helper (TH) lymphocytes (CD4) and T regulatory lymphocytes (cd4 cd24) and in TH/T reg mean ratio.

before arabinoxylan therapy, an abnormally low TH/T reg ratio was present in 12/22 (55%) evaluable patients. Arabinoxylan treatment induced a normalization of TH/T reg ratio in 5/12 (42%) patients with an abnormally low ratio prior to therapy. The percentage of arabinoxylan-induced TH/T reg normalization obtained in lymphocytopenic patients was not significantly different from that achieved in patients with normal pre-treatment lymphocyte count ( 3/7(43%) vs 2/5(40%) ). No toxicity was observed under arabinoxylan treatment, which was well tolerated in all patients. Asthenia was present in 8/22 (36%) evaluable patients. An evident relief of asthenia, as assessed by a specific patient report, was obtained under arabinoxylan therapy in 5/8 (63%) patients.

IV. Discussion
Previous experimental studies had already demonstrated some immunomodulating properties of arabinoxylan, in particular consisting of stimulation of NK cytotoxic function (Ghoneum, 1998), whereas NK cell number did not seem to be influenced by arabinoxylan administration. However, it has to be remarked that NK cells were belived to be fundamental in the antitumor immunity until some years ago, before the discovery of the essential role played by the antitumor cytokines, such as IL-2 and IL-12 (Whittington and Faulds, 1993) and dendritic cells, because of their function as antigen-presenting cells (Banks et al, 1995). In fact, it has to be considered that the cytotoxic activity of NK cells is effective only against artificial laboratory cancer cell lines, whose biological malignant properties are different from those presented by fresh human tumor cells (Whittington and Faulds, 1993). In addition, NK cells have been proven to be also able to destroy fresh human cancer cells only after the activation of their cytotoxic function by IL-2 (Atzpodien and Kirchner, 1990). From this point of view, arabinoxylan had been already proven to amplify the stimulatory effect of IL-2 on NK-mediated antitumor cytotoxicity (Ghoneum and Jewett, 2000). In contrast, no study has been performed up to now to evaluate the possible influence of arabinoxylan not only on the mechanisms responsible for the generation of an effective anticancer immune response, but also on those involved in the suppression of anticancer immunity. The results of this preliminary study, carried out to evaluate the influence of arabinoxylan on T reg cells, which represent the most important cells involved in the suppression of the antitumor cytotoxic immune response, demonstrates that arabinoxylan may counteract T reg cell generation by reducing their number and percentage with respect to the total amounts of CD4+ cells and circulating lymphocytes. Since NK cell function is inhibited by T reg activation (Shevach, 2002), the previously demonstrated arabinoxylan-induced stimulation of NK cell cytotoxic function might depend at least in part on its capacity of counteracting T reg generation (Dieckmann et al, 2001). Moreover, this study would suggest that the inhibitory action of arabinoxylan on T reg generation is more pronounced in patients with an abnormally high percentage of T reg cells prior to therapy, with a following pre-treatment abnormally low TH/T reg ratio before therapy, whereas its effect was less evident in patients with a pre-treatment value of TH/T reg ratio within the normal range. Therefore, the influence of arabinoxylan on T reg generation would consist of a modulatory action rather than an inhibitory activity. This finding could explain a potential favourable immunomodulatory effect of arabinoxylan also in patients with autoimmune diseases (Ghoneum, 1998), who in contrast to cancer patients would tend to present abnormally low amounts of T reg cells. In any case, the importance of the inhibition of T reg generation in the induction of an effective anticancer immune response has been recently confirmed by the evidence that the block of T reg activity by specific monoclonal antibodies may induce objective tumor regressions in humans (Yang et al, 2007). Obviously, the major problem is the exact identification of he T reg cell population. Even though T reg cells may express other immune markers, namely FOX-p2 cytoplasmatic antigen, most clinicians are in agreement to identify the CD4+CD25+ cells as T reg lymphocytes (12). In any case, further studies, by evaluating other immune markers, will be required to better identify T reg cells population, namely FOX-p3, even though recently some Authors have shown that FOX-p3 expression by T reg cells is associated with a lower suppressive activity (Dieckmann et al, 2001; Shevach, 2002). Moreover, it has to be remarked that several patients included in the present study were concomitantly under palliative therapy with the anti-cachectic pineal hormone melatonin (Brzezinski, 1997), which may also play immunomodulating effects (Maestroni, 1993). Therefore, further randomized studies with arabinoxylan alone versus arabinoxylan plus melatonin will be required to better define the immunomodulating action of arabinoxylan. If further clinical and experimental studies will confirm the inhibitory action of arabinoxylan on T reg cell system, it could be included in cytokine-based immunotherapies to enhance their efficacy by counteracting T reg cell generation.

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A clinical study of T-regulatory lymphocyte function in cancer patients in relation to tumor histotype, disease extention, lymphocyte subtypes and cortisol secretion

Research Article (download PDF version)

Luigi Vigorè1, Fernando Brivio2, Luca Fumagalli2, Roberto Vezzo1, Giusy Messina6, Franco Rovelli6, Massimo Colciago3, Giovanna D’Amico4, Giuseppe Di Fede5, Paolo Lissoni6

1 Laboratory of Immunomicrobiology, St.Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Milan, Italy
2 Division of Surgery, St.Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Milan, Italy
3 I.N.R.C.A Laboratory of Analyses, Casatenovo, Lecco, Italy
4 Research Center “Fondazione Tettamanti” Clinica Pediatrica Università Milano-Bicocca, Italy
5 Institute of Biological Medicine, Milan, Italy
6 Division of Radiation Oncology, St.Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Milan, Italy

*Correspondence: Dr. Paolo Lissoni, Divisione di Radioterapia Oncologica, Ospedale S.Gerardo, 20052 Monza, Milano, Italy; Fax: +390392332284, E-mail: p.lissoni@hsgerardo.org
Key words: Anticancer immunity, immunosuppression, T regulatory lymphocytes
Abbreviations: cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4, (CTLA-4); glucocorticoid-induced TNF-α receptor, (GITR); myeloidderived suppressor cells, (MDSC); NK cells, (CD16CD56); T cytotoxic lymphocytes, (CD8); T helper lymphocytes, (CD4); Tregulatory lymphocytes, (T-reg)

Received: 24 July 2008; Revised: 11 September 2008
Accepted: 12 September 2008; electronically published: October 2008

Summary

Several clinical investigations showed that the immune status is a prognostic variable in cancer patients, even tough the evaluation of the anticancer immunity is not generally considered in the medical oncology. Several immune parameters, including lymphocyte subsets and cytokine blood concentration, had been proposed to quantify the functional status of the anticancer immunity, but recent discoveries would suggest that the end-result of the various immune interactions is represented by a subtype of CD4 lymphocytes capable of suppressing the antitumor immune reaction, the so called T-regulatory lymphocytes (T-reg). This study was performed to detect T-reg count and percentage in solid tumor patients, in relation to tumor histotype, disease extension, lymphocyte sub-populations and cortisol circadian secretion. The study included 114 consecutive cancer patients affected by the most frequent tumor histotypes, 69 of whom showed a metastatic disease. In each patient we evaluated T-reg cells, identified as CD4+CD25+, in relation to T helper (CD4), T cytotoxic (CD8) and NK (CD16CD56) cells. Abnormally high values of T-reg cells were seen in 52/114 (46%) patients, and the percentage of high values of T-reg was significantly higher in metastatic patients than in non-metastatic ones. In contrast, no significant difference was seen in relation to tumor histotype. Patients with increased T-reg count had a significantly lower NK cell number. Finally no significant difference in T-reg number was seen between patients with altered or normal rithm of cortisol. The study confirmed that, irrespectively of tumor histotype the metastatic disease is associated with a progressive and increased T-reg generation, with a following suppression of anticancer immunity.

I. Introduction
At present, there is no doubt about the existence of a sub-type of T lymphocytes, the so-called T regulatory lymphocytes (T-reg), capable of suppressing the cellular immune responses,including the anticancer immunity (Thomton and Shevach, 2000; Shevach, 2002; von Herrath and Harrison, 2003; Schwartz, 2005; von Boehmer, 2005; Ziegler, 2006; Zou, 2006). However, the exact definition
of T-reg cells in terms of cell surface marker expression still remains controversial, particularly from a clinical point of view. All authors are in agreement to consider Treg lymphocytes as CD4+CD25+ cells, but at present it is still unknown whether the expression of CD4 and CD25 antigens may be sufficient to identify T-reg cells (Thomton and Shevach, 2000; Shevach, 2002; von Herrath and Harrison, 2003; Schwartz, 2005; von Boehmer, 2005; Ziegler, 2006; Zou, 2006), since several authors retain that the intracytoplasmatic expression of the FOX p3 protein is essential for the differentiation into T-reg cells (Ziegler, 2006; Zou, 2006).Recently, however, some preliminary observations would suggest that the cytoplasmatic expression of FOX p3 by CD4+CD25+ cells may be associated at least in some experimental conditions with a diminished, rather than with an enhanced immunosuppressive activity of T-reg cells (Siddiqui et al, 2007). In contrast, all authors agree that the expression of CD152 antigen, also called cytotoxic T lymphocyteassociated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) (Vasu et al, 2004), is fundamental for the immunosuppressive activity of T-reg cells (Takahashi et al, 2000), since the block of its expression by using anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibodies may abolish the suppressive activity of T-reg cells, with a following stimulation of the anticancer immunity in cancer patients (Knutson and Disis, 2007) and an enhanced incidence of autoimmune diseases in the healthy subjects (Lan et al, 2005). Therefore, the addition of a third marker, such as CD152 antigen, may allow to define a more homogeneous cell population provided by a regulatory activity with respect to the simple CD4+CD25+ expression (Dieckmann and Plottner, 2001). In fact, the suppressive regulatory action of CD4+CD25+CD152+ has appeared to be clearly higher than that played by the simple CD4+CD25+ T lymphocytes (Leong et al, 2006).This finding is not surprising, since the simple expression of CD25 marker, corresponding to the !-chain of IL-2 receptor, is not an exclusive characteristic of T-reg lymphocytes, but it is a non-specific property of the overall activated T lymphocytes (Thomton and Shevach, 2000; Shevach, 2002; von Herrath and Harrison, 2003; Schwartz, 2005; von Boehmer, 2005; Ziegler, 2006; Zou, 2006). At present, preliminary clinical studies would show that the percent of circulating CD4+CD25+ cells may be about 10% of the all CD4+ lymphocytes, and that of CD4+CD25+CD152+ cells may be about 40% of the total CD4+CD25+ cells, then the expected percent of CD4+CD25+CD152+ in the healthy subjects would be less than 5% of the total circulating CD4+ lymphocytes (Jago et al, 2004). Finally, the expression of glucocorticoidinduced TNF-α receptor (GITR) is also associated with an evident suppressive activity by T-reg lymphocytes (Kanamaru et al, 2004), which in fact are stimulated by
cortisol (Sthephens et al, 2004), that in contrast may inhibit the activity of the most other T lymphocytes, namely that of T helper lymphocytes, with a following diminished production of IL-2 (Claman, 1998). As far as the mechanisms responsible for T-reg-induced suppression of the anticancer immunity are concerned, several experimental observations have shown that T-reg cells may suppress the antitumor immune response through the release of immunosuppressive cytokines, namely IL-10 and TGF-β (Dieckmann et al, 2002), even though other authors would suggest that the suppressive activity of Treg cells on CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte activation may be relatively independent from the action of cytokines, by mainly requiring cell surface contact (Birebent et al, 2004). IL-2 has been proven to be essential for T-reg generation and some authors consider IL-2 as the main growth factor of T-reg lymphocytes (Antony and Restito, 2005), but more adequate studies have demonstrated that IL-2 may induce both stimulation and inhibition of T-reg generation and activation (Malek and Bayer, 2004). In fact, IL-2 has appeared to induce and promote T-reg differentiation only in the presence of TGF-β (Chen et al, 2003). Therefore, IL-2 would constitute the main human cytokine in influencing the characteristics of the anticancer immunity, since it may be responsible for both activation and suppression of an effective immune response against cancer cell proliferation and dissemination (Wang et al, 2001), namely depending on the whole status of the cytokine network, in particular on the presence or in the absence of adequate concentrations of TGF-β. In the absence of TGF-β, IL-2 stimulates the anticancer immunity, whereas it counteracts the generation of an effective antitumor immunity in the presence of TGF-β. In other words, IL-2 would physiologically control both tolerance and immunity, depending on the presence of TGF-β and other less known factors (Annunziato et al, 2002). In fact, under cancer immunotherapy with IL-2 the percent of T-reg cells has been shown to decrease in responding patients and to enhance in those with disease progression (Cesana et al, 2006). However, the regulation of T-reg functions does not depend only on immune factors, since it is also under a neuroendocrine control (Ji et al, 2004). In particular, cortisol has appeared to stimulate T-reg cell generation (Ji et al, 2004), with a following enhanced release of IL-10, by representing the main mechanism responsible for cortisol-induced immunosuppression. From a clinical oncological point of view, preliminary observations showed an enhanced percent of circulating CD4+CD25+ lymphocytes in cancer patients, namely in those with advanced disease (Sasada et al, 2003). The present study was performed to better establish which is T-reg behaviour in cancer patients in relation to both tumor histotype and disease extension.

II. Materials and methods
The study included 114 consecutive solid tumor patients with locally limited or metastatic disease, whose clinical characteristics are shown in Table 1. Lung cancer and gastrointestinal tumors were the most frequent neoplasms in our patients. For the immune detections, venous blood samples were collected in the morning after an overnight fast. Operable patients and metastatic patients were investigated before the surgical operation and before the onset of chemotherapy, respectively, in an attempt to exclude the possible influence of the various anticancer therapies on the immune status of patients.

In each sample, we have evaluated total lymphocyte count and the various lymphocyte subpopulations by a flow cytometric assay and monoclonal antibodies, including T helper lymphocytes (CD4), T cytotoxic lymphocytes (CD8), NK cells (CD16CD56), and T regulatory (T-reg) lymphocytes (CD4CD25). Normal values (95% confidence limits) of T-reg observed in our laboratory were below 240/mm3. Moreover, because of its importance in regulating lymphocyte functions and proliferation (Claman, 1998; Sthephens et al, 2004), the circadian rhythm of cortisol was also investigated by collecting blood samples at 8.00 A.M. and at 4.00 P.M., and cortisol serum concentrations were measured in duplicate by using the ECLA method. Data were reported as mean +/- SE, and statistically analyzed by the Student’s t test, the analysis of variance and the chi-square test, as appropriate.

III. Results
As reported in Table 2, an abnormally high number of T-reg was seen in 52/114 (46%) patients. Moreover, the percentage of cases with elevated number of T-reg observed in metastatic patients was significantly higher with respect to that found in non-metastatic patients (44/69 (64%) vs 8/45(18%), p < 0.01). Table 3 shows the mean number of T-reg and the mean percentages of T-reg with respect to both total lymphocytes and T helper (CD4+) lymphocytes observed in cancer patients in relation to their disease extension. The mean number of T-reg observed in metastatic patients was higher with respect to that found in patients with locally limited disease, without, however statistically significant differences. In contrast, the mean percentages of T-reg with respect to that of both lymphocytes and CD4 cells were significantly higher in metastatic patients than in the non-metastatic ones (p< 0.05 and p< 0.001,respectively). Moreover, within the metastatic group, patients with a normal lymphocyte count greater than 1500/mm3 showed a significantly higher mean number of T-reg with respect to the non-metastatic patients, whereas no difference was seen between nonmetastatic patients and metastatic patients with lymphocytopenia, consisting of lymphocyte count lower than 1500/mm3. In contrast, the mean percentages of T-reg with respect to total lymphocytes and CD4+ cells observed in both groups of metastatic patients with normal or low total lymphocyte count were significantly higher than in non-metastatic patients (lymphocytes: p< 0.025, CD4+ cells: p< 0.001).

Table 1. Clinical characteristics of 114 solid tumor patients

Table 2. Percentages of abnormally high values of CD4+CD25+ lymphocytes

* P < 0.01 vs non-metastatic patients

Table 3. Mean number of CD4+CD25+ lymphocytes and their mean percentages with respect to total lymphocytes and CD4+ lymphocytes in metastatic and non-metastatic patients

* p<0.05 vs non-metastatic patients; ** p<0.025 vs non-metastatic patients; *** p<0.01 vs non-metastatic patients; **** p<0.001 vs nonmetastatic patients

The mean counts of NK and CD8 cells in relation to that of T-reg are reported in Table 4. As shown, no significant difference in the mean number of CD8 lymphocytes was found between patients with normal or abnormally elevated number of T-reg. On the contrary, patients with elevated number of T-reg showed a significantly lower number of NK cells with respect to that found in those with normal T-reg count. Finally, Table 5 shows the circadian rhythm of cortisol in relation to total lymphocytes, CD4+ cells and T-reg mean number. A normal cortisol rhythm, with morning values greater at least than 50% with respect to the values occurring during the afternoon, was found in 85/114 (75%). Total lymphocyte and CD4+ cell mean numbers observed in patients with altered cortisol rhythm were significantly lower than those found in patients with normal cortisol circadianicity (p<0.01), whereas no significant difference was seen in the mean number of T reg. Figure 1 and Figure 2 illustrate T-reg mean numbers in relation to tumor histoptypes in the overall patients and with respect to their disease extension, respectively. No significant difference was seen in relation to tumor histotype. The highest values of T-reg were observed in pancreatic cancer patients, without however significant differences with respect to the overall other histotypes. The metastatic disease was associated with a higher number of T-reg with respect to the non-metastatic group in all tumor histotypes, even though a statistically significant differences occurred for the only breast cancer (p<0.05) and colorectal cancer (p< 0.01).

Table 4. Mean values of NK cells and CD8+ lymphocytes in cancer patients with normal or abnormally high values of CD4+CD25+ lymphocytes

* p<0.05 vs normal values of CD4+CD25+ lymphocytes

Table 5. Mean numbers of total lymphocytes, T helper (CD4+) lymphocytes and T regulator lymphocytes (CD4+CD25+) in relation to cortisol circadian secretion in cancer patients

* P<0.01 vs patients with altered cortisol rhythm

Figure 1. CD4+CD25+ lymphocyte mean number in relation to tumor histotype

Figure 2. CD4+CD25+ lymphocytes in relation to tumor histotype in metastatic and non-metastatic cancer patients

IV. Discussion
According to previous preliminary clinical investigations (Sasada et al, 2003; Cesana et al, 2006), this study confirms in a greater number of cancer patients that the metastatic disease is characterized by the evidence of an abnormally increased percentage of T-reg lymphocytes with respect to both total circulating lymphocytes and CD4+ lymphocytes. This finding does not seem to represent a specific characteristic of some tumor histotypes, then it could constitute a general alteration occurring during the progression of the neoplastic disease, by representing a fundamental immune parameter of cancer-related immunosuppression.

Several immune molecules have appeared to suppress the anticancer immunity, namely IL-6, IL-10, IL-1, TNF-α and TGF-β, but it seems that the common end result of their mechanisms of action may be represented by the stimulation of T-reg generation, with a consequent inhibition of the activation of an effective anticancer immune reaction. On the same way, several immune cells are able to suppress the anticancer immunity, including macrophages, T helper-2 lymphocytes and some myeloidderived suppressor cells, but also in this case they would act in a suppressive way by promoting the generation of Treg.

Then, the detection of T-reg amounts in terms of both absolute number and percentages with respect to total lymphocytes and CD4+ cells could constitute a simple and adequate clinical immune parameter to quantify the whole status of the anticancer immunity in the single cancer patient. Moreover, future clinical studies will be required to establish the possible prognostic significance of changes in T-reg percentage and number in relation to the anticancer efficacy of the various standard antitumor therapies. Moreover, it has to be remarked that T-reg lymphocytes would not represent the only immune cells involved in the suppression of the anticancer immunity. In fact, there is at least another fundamental immunosuppressive system, consisting of the monocytemacrophage cell lineage (Sica and Bronte, 2007). In more detail, it has been observed that the bone marrow may release myeloid precursors provided by suppressive activity on the antitumor immune response and defined as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) (Kusmartsev and Gabrilovich, 2005). These cells have appeared to be characterized by the cell surface expression of GR-1, CD11b and CD80 antigens (Anderson et al, 2002; van Ginderachter et al, 2006). The myeloid suppressor cells would promote the generation and activation of T-reg lymphocytes, which at the other side would stimulate MDSC release from the bone marrow and M2 macrophage differentiation (Terabe et al, 2003; Wie et al, 2006).

Moreover, the myeloid suppressive cells would inhibit the anticancer immunity by promoting macrophage differentiation into the M2 sub-type (Ikemoto et al, 2003), which plays a clear inhibitory effect on the anticancer immunity, namely through the release of IL-6 (Ueno et al, 2000), whereas the M1 macrophage sub-type may either stimulate or suppress the antitumor immunity (Mantovani et al, 2004). M1 and M2 macrophage sub-types have appeared to be characterized by a high production of IL-12 or IL-10, respectively (Ueno et al, 2000).

Then, further studies by concomitantly evaluating T reg and MDSC count, will contribute to better define the immune mechanism responsible for the suppression of the anticancer immunity.

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A phase II study of anastrozole plus the pineal anticancer hormone melatonin in the metastatic breast cancer women with poor clinical status

Research Article (download PDF version)

Paolo Lissoni1*, Giuseppe Di Fede1, Antonio Battista2, Giusy Messina1, Remo Egardi1, Fernando Brivio3, Franco Rovelli1, Massimo Colciago4, Giuseppe Brera5

1 Institute of Biological Medicine, Milan
2 Azienda Sanitaria locale 2, Avellino;
3 Surgery Division, Bassini Hospital, Cinisello,Milan
4 I.N.R.C.A, Casatenovo, Lecco, Italy
5 Ambrosian University, Milan, Italy

dr. Paolo Lissoni

Received: 9 March 2009; Revised 1 April 2009;
Accepted: 13 April 2009; electronically published: 28 May 2009

Summary

The recent advances in the psychoneuroendocrinology have suggested the possibility to modulate tumor hormone dependency through a neuroendocrine approach. In particular, it has been proven that the pineal neurohormone melatonin (MLT) may stimulate estrogen receptor (ER) expression in breast cancer cells and inhibit the aromatase activity. On this basis, a study was planned to evacuate the efficacy of a concomitant treatment with the aromatase inhibitor anastrozole plus MLT in metastatic breast cancer. The study included 14 metastatic breast cancer women of poor clinical conditions with ER positive or unknown. Both anastrozole and MLT were given orally at a dose of 1 mg at noon and of 20 mg in the evening, respectively. The clinical response consisted of complete response in 2 and partial response in 6 patients. Then, an objective tumor regression was achieved in 8/14 (57%) patients, with a median duration of 26 months. No neoplastic cachexia occurred on treatment. This preliminary study shows that a neuroendocrine strategy with anastrozole plus the pineal hormone MLT may represent a new effective and well tolerated regimen in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer women, including those with poor clinical status, with therapeutic results apparently superior to those reported in the literature with the only aromatase inhibitor. Then, these results would justify further randomized studies of aromatase inhibitors with or without a concomitant administration of MLT, in an attempt to establish whether the pineal hormone may enhance the efficacy of the aromatase inibibitors in the treatment of human advanced breast cancer.

I. Introduction
Recent experimental studies have demonstrated that the hormone dependency is at least in part under a psychoneuroendocrine regulation (Cos et al, 2008;Grant et al, 2009). In particular, it has been shown that the pineal hormone melatonin (MLT), whose anticancer properties have been well demonstrated (Bartsch et al, 1981; Maestroni, 1993; Reiter et al, 2002), may in vitro stimulate estrogen receptor (ER) expression on breast cancer cell lines (Molis et al, 1995). Therefore, the hormone dependency of breast cancer cells would not depend only on intrinsic characteristics of cancer cells themselves, but also on host neuroendocrine regulation of tumor cell proliferation and differentiation (Bartsch et al, 2000). Moreover, cancer progression has been proven to be associated with pineal alterations, consisting of a progressive decline in MLT nocturnal production. (Maestroni, 1993). Therefore the advanced cancer would require a substitutive endocrine therapy with MLT (Bartsch et al, 1981; Maestroni, 1993). Previous preliminary clinical studies had already suggested that the concomitant administration of the pineal hormone MLT may apparently increase the efficacy of tamoxifen therapy in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer (Lissoni et al, 1995). Moreover, experimental studies have shown that the activity of aromatase enzyme, which is responsible for the peripheral production of estrogens from testosterone (Bagatell et al, 1994), is under a light/dark circadian rhythm (Bhatnagar et al, 1992). Because of the fundamental role of the pineal hormone MLT in the regulation of the daily photoperiod (Bartsch et al, 1981), it is possible to hypothesize that MLT may be involved in the control of the aromatase activity. In fact, recent studies have demonstrated an inhibitory action of MLT on the aromatase activity (Cos et al, 2005). This finding could reserve a prosiming application in the treatment of both early and advanced breast cancer. This statement is justified by the fact that the aromatase inhibitors represent a new class of agents in the endocrine treatment of breast cancer Plourde et al, 1994), with a potential efficacy superior to that achieved by the previous hormonal therapies with anti-estrogens, such as tamoxifene, even though tumor response rate obtained by the aromatase inhibitors are generally not greater than 40%. On this basis, a phase II study was planned in an attempt to evaluate the efficacy of a neuroendocrinotherapeutic regimen consisting of a concomitant administration of the aromatase inhibitor anastrozole and the pineal hormone MLT in metastatic breast cancer women with poor clinical conditions.

II. Materials and methods
The study included 14 consecutive metastatic breast cancer women (median age: 72 years, range 51-82), who were followed at Biological Medicine Institute in Milan, or at Health Local Unit 2 of Avellino, from Feb. 2002 to Sept. 2003. Eligibility criteria were, as follows: histologically proven metastatic breast cancer, measurable lesions, ER positive or unknown, no ability to tolerate chemotherapy because of age, low performance status (PS), important clinical illnesses other than cancer and/or heavy chemotherapeutic pre-treatments, no previous endocrine therapies for the metastatic disease, no double tumor and life expectancy less than 1 year. Previous heavy chemotherapeutic treatment consisting of at least 3 chemotherapeutic lines was made in 11/14 (79 %) patients. Dominant metastasis sites were, as follows: soft tissues:1; bone:1; lung:7 (neoplastic lymphangitis:2); liver:1; lung + liver:1; bone marrow:3. Time-span since first diagnosis of the primary tumor was 44 months (31-66 months). All patients had an acceptable social conditions. The minimum and median follow-up periods were 60 months and 72 months respectively. In all patients, in the case of disease progression, at least to other endocrine therapeutic lines with other aromatase-inhibitors were planned. The experimental protocol, wich was approved by the Health Direction of Biological Medicine Institute of Milan, was explained to each patient and informed consent was obtained. The treatment consisted of anastrozole at a dose of 1 mg/day orally at noon, plus MLT at 20 mg/day orally in the evening, generally half-hour before sleeping, to correct cancer progression-related decline in MLT night secretion (10). Patients were considered to be evaluable when they were treated for at least 3 consecutive months. The clinical response was evaluated according to WHO criteria. Complete response (CR) was the complete disappearance of all neoplastic lesions for at least 1 month. Partial response (PR) was a reduction greater than 50 % of the sum of all neoplastic lesions, for at least 1 month. Stable disesase (SD) was no increase or decrease greater tha 25 % of tumor volume. Progressive Disease (PD) was an increase in tumor volume greater than 25 % or the appearance of new neoplastic lesions. PS was assessed according to Karnofsky’s score, consisting of the evaluation of the quality of life in relation to patient activity and bed-rest period. ER was positive in 10 and unknown in the remaining 4 patients. The median PS was 80% (range 70-100). Data were statistically evaluated by the chi-square test and the Student’s t test, as appropriate.

Table 1: Clinical characteristics of metastatic breast cancer women and their clinical response (WHO criteria) to a neuroendocrine regimen consisting of anastrozole plus the pineal hormone melatonin.

III. Results
All patients were fully evaluable for the clinical response. The clinical characteristics of patients and their individual clinical response to the treatment are reported in Table 1. As reported, a complete response (CR) was achieved in 2/14 (14%) (soft tissues:1; lung lymphangitis:1). A partial response (PR) was obtained in other 6/14 (43%) (bone:1; lung:3; liver:1; bone marrow:1). Then, an objective tumor response (CR + PR) was reached in 8/14 (57%) patients. The median duration of response was 26 months (range 9-42 months). A stable disease (SD) was seen in other 4/14 (29%), with a median duration of 25 months (range 10-27). Therefore, a disease-control (DC:CR + PR + SD) was achieved in 12/14 (86%) patients, whereas the remaining 2/14 (14%) patients had a progressive disease (PD). No significant difference in tumor response rate was observed between patients with positive or unknown ER ( 6/10(60%) vs 2/4(50%) ). An overall survival at 1 year and at 3 year was achieved in 11/14 (79 %) and in 5/14 (36 %) patients, respectively. Moreover, 3/14 (21%) patients were still alive at 5 years. The treatment was well tolerated in all patients.

Moreover, most patients experienced a relief of asthenia under the treatment and in no patient the neoplastic cachexia occurred. Finally, an evident increase in PS mean values was achieved under treatment, even though it did not reach the statistical significance (86 ±5 vs 93 ± 4, mean ± SE).

IV. Discussion
The results of this preliminary phase II study, by showing a percentage of 1-year survival greater than 70% in patients with live expectancy less than 1 year, would suggest that a neuroendocrine regimen consisting of the aromatase inhibitor anastrozole plus the pineal neurohormone MLT may represent a new effective therapeutic strategy in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer women, also in patients with poor clinical conditions, who would not be able to tolerate the most aggressive therapies. The concomitant administration of the pineal hormone would seem to enhance the efficacy of the aromatase inhibitor in terms of objective tumor regressions with respect to the results commonly reported in the literature with the only aromatase inhibitor (Plourde et al, 1994), which are generally lower than 40%.

The time to progression would seem to be apparently increased by the concomitant treatment with MLT.This finding is not surprising, since MLT could enhance the therapeutic anticancer acitivity of the aromatase inhibitors by either exerting direct antiproliferative antitumor effects (Bartsch et al, 1981; Maestroni, 1993; Reiter et al, 2002), or further inhibiting the aromatase activity by acting on gene and oncogene expression (Molis et al,1995; Cos et al, 2005). In addiction, MLT appeared to stimulate ER expression of breast cancer lines, by transforming ER negative into ER positive breast cancer, as observed in experimental conditions (Danforth et al, 1983).

Since the prognosis of ER positive breast cancers is clearly better than that of ER negative ones, MLT could per se improve the clinical couse of mammary tumors. Finally, because of its interesting therapeutic efficacy as a supportive care (Reiter et al, 2002), MLT would be responsible for the evident improvement in the relief of asthenia and in preventing the occurrence of the neoplastic cachexia. On the other hand, because of the inhibitory effect of MLT (Grant et al, 2009; Reiter et al, 2002) on cancer cell proliferation, the anticancer activity of this polyendocrine regimen would be due not only to an indirect effect, depending on a diminished estrogen production following aromatase enzyme inhibition, but also on a direct inhibition of cancer cell growth, due to MLT itself. Therefore, the results of this preliminary study may justify further clinical randomized investigations with the only aromatase inhibitor versus the concomitant treatment with MLT, in an attempt to confirm the ability of the pineal hormone to enhance the antitumor properties of the aromatase inhibitors in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer women with poor clinical conditions.

References
Bagatell CJ, Dahl KD, Bremner WJ (1994). The direct pituitary effect of testosterone to inhibit gonadotrophin secretion in men is partially mediated by aromatization to estradiol. J Androl 15:15-21.

Bartsch C, Bartsch H (1981) effect of melatonin on experimental tumors under different photoperiods and times of administration. J Neural Transm 52:269-279.

Bartsch H, Buchberger A, Franz H,Bartsch C,Maidonis I,Mecke D, Bayer E (2000) Effect of melatonin and pineal extracts on human ovarian and mammary tumor cells in a chemosensitivity assay. Life Sci 67:2953-2960.

Bhatnagar AS, Muller P, Schenkel L, Trunet PF, Beh I, Schieweck K. (1992). Inhibition of oestrogen biosynthesis and its consequences on gonadotrophin secretion in the male. J of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology;41:1021-1027

Cos S, Martinez-Campa C,Mediavilla MD, Sanchez-Barcelo E (2005). Melatonin modulates aromatase activity in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. J Pineal Res 7:136-142.

Cos S, Gonzales A, Martinez-Campa C, Mediavilla MD, Alonzo-Gonzales C, Sanchez-Barcelo EJ (2008): Melatonin as a selective estrogen enzyme modulator. Curr Cancer Drug Targets. Dec 8(8): 691-702.

Danforth DN, Tamarkin L, Lipmann LE: (1983) Melatonin increase oestrogen receptor binding activity of human breast cancer cells. Nature, 305:323-325.

Grant S.G, Melan MA, Latimer JJ, Witt-Enderby PA (2009) : Melatonin and Breast cancer : cellular mechanism, clinical studies and future perspective. Expert Rev Mol Med 11:e5

Lissoni P, Barni S, Meregalli S, Fossati V, Cazzaniga M, Esposti D, Tancini G (1995) Modulation of cancer endocrine therapy by melatonin:a phase II study of tamoxifen plus melatonin in metastatic breast cancer patients progressing under tamoxifen alone. Br J Cancer 71:854-856.

Maestroni GJM (1993) The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin. J Pineal Res 14:1-10.

Molis TM, Spriggs LL,Jupiter Y,Hill SM (1995) Melatonin modulation of estrogen-regulated proteins, growth factors,and protooncogenes in human breast cancer. J Pineal Res 18:93-103.

Plourde PV, Dyroff M, Dukes MD (1994) Arimidex: a potent and selective fourth generation aromatase inhibitor. Breast Cancer Res Treat 30:103-111.

Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Sainz RM, Mayo JC, Lopez-Burillo S. (2002) Melatonin:reducing the toxicity and increasing the efficacy of drugs. Pharm Pharmacol 54:1299-1321

(download PDF version)

2009: Lissoni P; Fumagalli L; Brivio F; Rovelli F; Messina G; Di Fede G; Colciago M; Brera G
Division of Radiation Oncology, Milan, Italy

Biotherapy with the pineal hormone melatonin plus aloe and myrrh tincture in untreatable metastatic cancer patients as an essence therapy of cancer

Research Article

P. Lissoni1,*, F. Rovelli1, G. Messina2, F. Brivio3, B. Boniardi1, G. Porro1, L.Vigore4, G. Di Fede1, P. Marchiori1, G. Brera5

1 Institute of Biological Medicine, Milan, Italy
2 Psychiatric Division, Policlinico Hospital, Milan
3 Division of Surgery, Bassini Hospital, Cinisello,Milan;
4 Laboratory of Immunomicrobiology,San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Milan;
5 Ambrosian University, Milan, Italy.

*Correspondence: Dr. Paolo Lissoni, Divisione di Radioterapia Oncologica, Ospedale S. Gerardo, 20052 Monza, Milano, Italia. Fax: +390392332284, e-mail: p.lissoni@hsgerardo.org
Key words: Aloe Vera, Melatonin, Mirrh, and Anticancer Immunity
Abbreviations: Melatonin (MLT), complete response (CR), partial response (PR), stable disease (SD), disease control (DC), progressive disease (PD), T helper lymphocytes (TH, CD4+), T regulatory lymphocytes (T reg, CD4+ CD25+)

Received: 30 July 2009; Revised: 18 October 2009
Accepted: 20 October 2009; electronically published: December 2009

Summary

Background: The recent advances in understanding the immunobiological interactions responsible for cancer progression have allowed us to define the mechanisms of action of some plants, whose antitumor properties were already known by the popular Medicine, in particular Aloe and Myrrha, whose mixture was already therapeutically utilized more than 2000 years ago by the Essence medicine. Moreover, some endogenous natural substances, namely the main hormone produced by the pineal gland melatonin (MLT) may also play anticancer activity. On this basis, a study was performed with a biological regimen consisting of MLT, Aloe and Myrrha in untreatable metastatic cancer patients with life expectancy lower than 1 year. Methods: The study included 35 patients. MLT was given orally at 20 mg/day in the evening and a mixed Aloe and Myrrha tincture was administered at a dose of 5 ml/thrice daily. Results: The clinical response consisted of complete response (CR) in 1, partial response (PR) in 2, stable disease (SD) in 19 patients, whereas the remaining 13 patients had a progressive disease (PD). Thus, a disease control (CR + PR + SD) was achieved in 22/35 (63%)patients. Moreover, a survival longer than 1 year was achieved in 17/35 (49%) patients. Finally, DC was associated with an evident improvement in the immune status, namely consisting of a decrease in the number of T regulatory lymphocytes, which are the main cells responsible for the suppression of the anticancer immunity. Conclusion: This preliminary study shows that a biological anticancer regimen consisting of the pineal hormone MLT in association with Aloe and Myrrha mixture, already known at the times of the Essence medical tradition, may induce a control of the neoplastic disease by stimulating the anticancer immunity, in a relevant percentage metastatic cancer patients, who did not respond to the conventional anticancer treatments and for whom no other standard therapy was available.

References
Davis RH, Parker WL, Sampson RT, Murdoch DP. Isolation of a stimulatory system in an Aloe extract. J Am Pediatr Med Assoc 1991; 81:473-8.

Capasso F, Borrelli F, Capasso R, Di Carlo G, Izzo AA, Pinto L et al. Aloe and its therapeutic use. Phytother Res 1998; 12:124-7.

Vogler BK. Aloe Vera: a systematic review of its clinical effectiveness. B J Gen Pract 1999; 49:823-8.

Claeson P, Zygmunt P, Hogestatt ED. Calcium antagonistic properties of the sesquiterpene T- cadinol. Pharmacol Toxicol 1991; 69:173-7.

Qureshi S, Al-Harbi MM, Ahmed M, Raza M, Giangreco AB, Shah AH. Evaluation of the genotixic, cytotoxic and antitumor properties of Commiphora molmol using normal and Erlich ascites carcinoma cell-bearing Swiss albino mice. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1993; 33130-8.

Blazquez C, Casanova ML, Planas A, Del Pulgar TG, Villanueva C, Fernandez-Acenero MJ et al. Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis by cannabinoids. FASEB J 2003; 17:529-31.

Grotenhermen F. Pharmacology of cannabinoids. Neuroendocrinol Lett 2004; 25:14-23.

Aggarwall BB, Kumar A, Bharti AC. Anticancer potential of curcumin. Preclinical and clinical studies. Anticancer Res 2003; 23:363-98.

Lodha R, Bagga A. Tradictional Indian system of Medicine. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2000; 29:37-41.

John’s Gospel 19,38-40.

Iguchi H, Kato KI, Ibayashi H. Age-dependent reduction in serum melatonin concentrations in healthy subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1982; 55:27-9.

Attanasio A, Borrelli P, Gupta D. Circadian rhythms in serum melatonin from infancy to adolescence. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985; 61:388-90.

Jankovic BD. Neuroimmunomodulation. Ann NY Acad Sci 1994; 741:3-38.

Brzezinski A. Melatonin in humans. N Engl J Med 1997; 336:185-95

Bartsch H, Bartsch C. Effects of melatonin on experimental tumors under different photoperiods and times of administration. J neural Transm 1981; 52:269-79

Regelson W, Pierpaoli W. Melatonin: a rediscovered antitumor hormone? Cancer Invest
1987; 5:379-85

Lissoni P. Is there a role for melatonin in supportive care? Supp Care Cancer 2002; 10:110-6.
Sze S, Ng T, Liu W. Antiproliferative effect of pineal indoles on cultured tumor cell lines. J Pineal Res 1993; 14:27-33.

Maestroni GJM. The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin. J Pineal Res 1993; 14:1-10.

Lissoni P, Brivio F, Fumagalli L, Messina G,Vigorè L, Parolini D et al. : Neuroimmunomodulation in Medical Oncology: application of Psychoneuroimmunology with subcutaneous low-dose IL-2 plus the pineal hormone melatonin in patients with untreatable metastatic solid tumors. Anticancer Res 2008; 28:1377-82.

Shevach EM. CD4+CD25+ suppressor T cells: more questions than answers. Nat Rev Immunol 2002; 2:389-400.

Rorschach H. Psychodiagnosytics. Ed HA Huber, Bern, Stuttgart, Toronto. Verlag, 1921.

Lissoni P, Messina G, Parolini D, Balestra A, Brivio F, Fumagalli L et al.:A spiritual approach in the treatment of cancer. In Vivo 2008; 22:557-82.

Psychoneuroendocrine Modulation of Regulatory T Lymphocyte System: In Vivo and In Vitro Effects of the Pineal Immunomodulating Hormone Melatonin

Research Article (download PDF version – complete)

LUIGI VIGORÉ1, GIUSY MESSINA2, FERNANDO BRIVIO3, LUCA FUMAGALLI3, FRANCO ROVELLI4, GIUSEPPE DI FEDE4 and PAOLO LISSONI4

1 Laboratory of Immunomicrobiology, S. Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Milan, Italy
2 Psychiatric Division, Polyclinic Hospital, Milan, Italy
3 Surgical Division, Bassini Hospital, Cinisello, Milan, Italy
4 Institute of Biological Medicine, Milan, Italy

*Correspondence: Dr. Paolo Lissoni, Divisione di Radioterapia Oncologica, Ospedale S.Gerardo, 20052 Monza, Milano, Italy; Fax: +390392332284, e-mail: p.lissoni@hsgerardo.org

Abstract

Background: At present, it is known that cancer-related immunosuppression would mainly depend on an immunosuppressive action mediated by a subtype of CD4+ lymphocytes, the so-called regulatory T lymphocytes (T-reg), which are identified as CD4+CD25+ cells.
Moreover, it has been shown that anticancer immunity is under psychoneuroendocrine regulation, mainly mediated by the pineal hormone melatonin (MLT).
This study was performed to investigate the in vivo and in vitro effects of MLT on T-reg generation.

Materials and Methods: We evaluated the in vivo effects of MLT (20 mg/daily orally in the evening) in 20 patients with untreatable metastatic solid tumor and the in vitro effects of MLT incubation (at 10 and 100 pg/ml) of pure lymphocyte cultures on T-reg cell count.

Results: MLT induced a statistically significant decline in mean T-reg cell numbers in patients who achieved disease control, whereas no effect was seen in those who had progressed. In contrast, no in vitro effect of MLT incubation was apparent.

Conclusion: This preliminary study would suggest that MLT may exert in vivo an inhibitory action on T-reg cell generation in cancer patients which is associated with a control of the neoplastic progression, whereas no direct effect was seen in vitro on lymphocyte differentiation. This finding would suggest that MLT may counteract T-reg cell generation in vivo by inhibiting macrophage activity which is involved in stimulating T-reg cell production.

(download PDF version – complete)

Emiliano Caputo – Personal Trainer Master N.B.B.F, Preparatore Atletico, Consulente Alimentare, Tecnico specializzato in allenamento al femminile e integrazione avanzata per lo sport – testimonia l’efficacia di Alcat test e dei test specialistici per la prevenzione e il controllo medico effettuati dall’Istituto di Medicina Biologica (IMBIO) – e Genetica Preventiva (I.M.Ge.P) di Milano, sotto la supervisione del prof. Giuseppe Di Fede.

Anche nell’ambito del Corso Istruttori Tecnici di Sala di 1°livello organizzato dall’Asi/ CONI Messina, Caputo presenterà e approfondirà la metodica Alcat per la diagnosi delle intolleranze alimentari.

Con particolare riferimento ai vari protocolli alimentari per la performance, spiegherà come l’individuazione di una intolleranza alimentare attraverso Alcat test conduca a un miglioramento del benessere fisico e mentale e consenta di mettere in atto l’atteggiamento
correttivo idoneo per il miglioramento della performance sportiva.

“Sto raggiungendo il top della forma fisica e della salute da quando, sotto la supervisione del prof. Giuseppe Di Fede, ho eseguito vari test con voi: non solo Alcat test per la diagnosi delle intolleranze alimentari, ma anche il Mineralogramma del capello e il test Gene & Diet.

Come atleta natural ho sempre cercato di raggiungere una forma fisica eccellente (risultato molto semplice da ottenere per i culturisti che usano farmaci anabolizzanti) cercando di trovare il giusto equilibrio tra riposo, integratori, alimentazione e allenamento.

Provati vari protocolli alimentari più o meno validi, con l’applicazione dei risultati dei diversi test effettuati ho notato un netto miglioramento sia fisico sia mentale, e vari disturbi si sono praticamente azzerati.

Grazie ai miei studi e all’applicazione dei risultati dei vostri test, quest’anno come prima esperienza agonistica nel body building mi sono classificato 3° nelle competizioni di Polistena (18 giugno 2011) e di Grottolelle (31 luglio 2011) del Grande Slam Tour 2011 NBBUI (Natural Body Builder’s Union International). Che dire, come atleta Natural davvero un grande risultato!

Come preparatore atletico e personal trainer ormai da due anni, consiglio a tutti i miei amici e clienti i test di IMBIO per un grande vantaggio in termini di salute, e in ambito sportivo, per una maggiore performance fisica.”

Emiliano Caputo

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